基督徒生活观(二十)--- 基督徒的奉献
玛3:8-12
玛拉基书的一个明显特征,它不是直接宣告信息,而是辩论性的 (disputational style) 问答式对话。 其基本格式是:神(或先知)声明一个事实或反问一个问题,然后是百姓辩论性的回答,接着是神或先知的进一步解释。显示以色列百姓的顶嘴悖逆、冥顽不化。
“耶和华说,‘我曾爱你们。’你们却说,‘你在何事上爱我们呢?’”(玛1:2)
“"I have loved you," says the LORD. "Yet you say, 'In what way have You loved us?'”(Mal 1:2,NKJV)
“‘藐视我名的祭司阿,’…你们却说,‘我们在何事上藐视你的名呢?’”(玛1:6)
“"It is you, O priests, who show contempt for My Name. "But you ask, 'How have we shown contempt for Your Name?'”(Mal 1:6,NIV)
“‘你们将污秽的食物献在我的坛上,’且说,‘我们在何事上污秽你呢?’”(玛1:7)
“"You offer defiled food on My altar.” But say, 'In what way have we defiled You?'?”(Mal 1:7,NKJV)
“‘你们用言语烦琐耶和华,’你们还说,‘我们在何事上烦琐祂呢?’”(玛2:17)
““You have wearied the LORD with your words;” Yet you say, "In what way have we wearied Him?”(Mal 2:17,NKJV)
“‘你们要转向我,我就转向你们。’你们却问说,‘我们如何才是转向呢?’”(玛3:7)
““Return to Me, and I will return to you," Says the LORD of hosts. "But you said, 'In what way shall we return?'”(Mal 3:7, NKJV)
“‘人岂可夺取神之物呢?你们竟夺取我的供物。’你们却说,‘我们在何事上夺取你的供物呢?’”(玛3:8)
“"Will a man rob God? Yet you have robbed Me! ”But you say, 'In what way have we robbed You?'?”(Mal 3:8, NKJV)
玛拉基书第一章,神责备以色列人在当献给神祭物的质量上藐视神。
“‘你们将瞎眼的献为祭物,这不为恶吗?将瘸腿的,有病的献上,这不为恶吗?你献给你的省长,他岂喜悦你,岂能看你的情面吗?’这是万军之耶和华说的。”(玛1:8)
“‘When you bring blind animals for sacrifice, is that not wrong? When you sacrifice crippled or diseased animals, is that not wrong? Try offering them to your governor! Would he be pleased with you? Would he accept you?" says the LORD Almighty.”(Mal 1:8, NIV)
玛拉基书第三章,神责备以色列人在当献给神供物的数量上亏欠神。
“‘人岂可夺取神之物呢?你们竟夺取我的供物。’你们却说,‘我们在何事上夺取你的供物呢?’‘就是你们在当纳的十分之一,和当献的供物上。’”(玛3:8)
“"Will a man rob God? Yet you rob Me. "But you ask, 'How do we rob You?' "In tithes and offerings.””(Mal 3:8,NIV)
神指责以色列百姓在当纳的十分之一和当献的供物上夺取了神的物。
玛拉基书3章8-12节是著名的圣经经文,可以大体划分结构如下:
1. 偷取神之供物的咒诅(玛3:8-9)
2. 甘心十一奉献的祝福(玛3:10)
3. 神如何实施祂的祝福(玛3:11-12)
申命记28-30章,是神与以色列所立巴勒斯坦之约的集中记载。
以色列若顺服神,遵守神的律例、典章、法度,就必然蒙福。
“耶和华必为你开天上的府库,按时降雨在你的地上。在你手里所办的一切事上赐福与你。”(申28:12)
“The LORD will open the heavens, the storehouse of His bounty, to send rain on your land in season and to bless all the work of your hands.”(Deut 28:12, NIV)
相反,如果以色列悖逆,不遵守神的律例、典章、法度,就必然受祸。
“耶和华要用痨病,热病,火症,疟疾,刀剑,旱风,霉烂攻击你。这都要追赶你,直到你灭亡。”(申28:22)
“The LORD will strike you with wasting disease, with fever and inflammation, with scorching heat and drought, with blight and mildew, which will plague you until you perish.”(Deut 28:22,NIV)
圣经教导说,“不可试探耶和华你们的神。”(“Do not test the LORD your God.”)(申6:16)
主耶稣曾经引用这句话抵挡魔鬼撒但的试探,使得这句话更是众所周知。
新约雅各书更明确指出,“神不能被恶试探。”(“God cannot be tempted by evil.”)(雅1:13)
然而,唯独在十一奉献的事情上,神对以色列人说,“(你们)以此试试我。”(“Test Me in this.”)(玛3:10)
“以此试试我”,试什么呢?
“是否为你们敞开天上的窗户,倾福与你们,甚至无处可容。”(玛3:10)
“If I will not open for you the windows of heaven And pour out for you such blessing That there will not be room enough to receive it.”(Mal 3:10,NKJV)
但前提条件是:“你们要将当纳的十分之一,全然送入仓库,使我家有粮。”(玛3:10)
“Bring all the tithes into the storehouse, That there may be food in My house.”(Mal 3:10,NKJV)
神要怎么做呢?
“我必为你们斥责蝗虫,不容它毁坏你们的土产。你们田间的葡萄树在未熟之先,也不掉果子。”(玛3:11)
“I will prevent pests from devouring your crops, and the vines in your fields will not cast their fruit," says the LORD Almighty.”(Mal 3:11,NIV)
这样,当看到神如此眷顾以色列民,“万国必称你们为有福的。”(“Then all the nations will call you blessed.”)(玛3:12)
玛3:8-12引发一个经常被讨论的问题:旧约的十一奉献适用于新约的基督徒吗?
一. 十一奉献的起源
十一奉献并不是从摩西律法的规定开始的,早在亚伯拉罕时期已经出现。
当亚伯拉罕率领家丁打败四王连军得胜回来的时候,至高神的祭司麦基洗德出来迎接并祝福他说,
“‘愿天地的主,至高的神赐福与亚伯兰。至高的神把敌人交在你手里,是应当称颂的。’亚伯兰就把所得的拿出十分之一来,给麦基洗德。”(创14:19-20)
“"Blessed be Abram by God Most High, Creator of heaven and earth. And blessed be God Most High, who delivered your enemies into your hand." Then Abram gave him a tenth of everything.”(Gen 14:19-20,NIV)
亚伯拉罕把他的战利品拿出十分之一来,献给神的祭司麦基洗德。
创世记28章,以色列的先祖雅各逃难的时候,曾祈求神赐给他衣食,保佑他平安,并向神许愿说,“凡你所赐给我的,我必将十分之一献给你。”(创28:22)
“And of all that You give me I will surely give a tenth to You.”(Gen 28:22,NKJV)
注意雅各所说的,“凡你所赐给我的”,雅各承认他所拥有的一切,都是神所赐的。
亚伯拉罕将战利品拿出十分之一献给神的祭司,这是圣经有关十一奉献的最早记载。但早在创世记第四章亚伯和该隐向神献上供物表示人对神的敬拜,也就是在人类被造之初就已经出现。
值得提出的是,新约希伯来书第七章论到亚伯拉罕向麦基洗德献上十分之一的事件。希伯来书强调摩西律法在新约恩典之下不再有效,但亚伯拉罕向麦基洗德敬献礼物是在摩西律法之前,以十一奉献表明对至高神的感恩和敬拜这样的精义并不过时,基督信徒应当以财物奉献以表明对神的感恩之心,从而颂赞、敬拜、尊荣耶和华神。
二.摩西律法的规定
以色列出埃及之后,十一奉献被以法律形式固定下来,摩西律法明确规定:
“地上所有的,无论是地上的种子是树上的果子,十分之一是耶和华的,是归给耶和华为圣的。”(利27:30)
“'A tithe of everything from the land, whether grain from the soil or fruit from the trees, belongs to the LORD; it is holy to the LORD.”(Lev 27:30)
所以,根据这节经文,以色列出产的十分之一并不属于以色列人自己,乃是属乎神的。
“凡以色列中出产的十分之一,我已赐给利未的子孙为业。因他们所办的是会幕的事,所以赐给他们为酬他们的劳。”(民18:21)
“"Behold, I have given the children of Levi all the tithes in Israel as an inheritance in return for the work which they perform, the work of the tabernacle of meeting.”(Num 18:21,NKJV)
“你晓谕利未人说,‘你们从以色列人中所取的十分之一,就是我给你们为业的,要再从那十分之一中取十分之一作为举祭献给耶和华,…从这十分之一中,将所献给耶和华的举祭归给祭司亚伦。”(民18:26-28)
“Speak to the Levites and say to them: 'When you receive from the Israelites the tithe I give you as your inheritance, you must present a tenth of that tithe as the LORD'S offering. … From these tithes you must give the LORD'S portion to Aaron the priest.”(Num 18:26-28,NIV)
以色列十二支派:100%-10%=90% 【全部地业占比7.5%X12=90%】
利未人当得的分:10%X12=120% 120%-120%X10%=108% 【9%】
祭司亚伦的家族:120%X10%=12% 【1%】
旧约的以色列是神权政体,宗教在以色列民的社会生活中占据重要地位。从摩西律法的要求,可以看出神对事奉神的利未支派以及祭司亚伦家族的精心安排和眷顾。
以色列的十一奉献是常规奉献,主要是对利未人的供应。
除此之外,还有慈善性的奉献。
“每逢三年的末一年,你要将本年的土产十分之一都取出来,积存在你的城中。在你城里无分无业的利未人,和你城里寄居的,并孤儿寡妇,都可以来,吃得饱足。这样,耶和华你的神必在你手里所办的一切事上赐福与你。”(申14:28-29)
“At the end of every three years, bring all the tithes of that year's produce and store it in your towns, so that the Levites (who have no allotment or inheritance of their own) and the aliens, the fatherless and the widows who live in your towns may come and eat and be satisfied, and so that the LORD your God may bless you in all the work of your hands.”(Deut 14:28-29,NIV)
所以,按照摩西律法的要求,以色列每年的实际奉献要超过十分之一。如果考虑到特殊节期的奉献,以色列实际的奉献额度可能更高。
这样,以色列各支派岂非很大的负担?
不然,凡事要把神的因素考虑在内。
“你们若说,这第七年(安息年)我们不耕种,也不收藏土产,吃什么呢?我必在第六年将我所命的福赐给你们,地便生三年的土产。第八年,你们要耕种,也要吃陈粮,等到第九年出产收来的时候,你们还吃陈粮。”(利25:20-22)
“You may ask, "What will we eat in the seventh year if we do not plant or harvest our crops?" I will send you such a blessing in the sixth year that the land will yield enough for three years. While you plant during the eighth year, you will eat from the old crop and will continue to eat from it until the harvest of the ninth year comes in.”(Lev 25:20-22)
“你若留意听从耶和华你神的话,谨守遵行我今日所吩咐你这一切的命令,就必在你们中间没有穷人了,在耶和华你神所赐你为业的地上,耶和华必大大赐福与你。”(申15:4-5)
“However, there should be no poor among you, for in the land the LORD your God is giving you to possess as your inheritance, He will richly bless you, if only you fully obey the LORD your God and are careful to follow all these commands I am giving you today.”(Deut 15:4-5,NIV)
三.新约圣经的教导
其实,整本圣经的教导,全地都是属神的。林中的百兽、牲畜都是神的,(诗50:10)金子银子都是神的,(该2:8)
神“常施恩惠、从天降雨、赏赐丰年”,(徒14:17)宇宙万物都是神所造的。(西1:16)“各样美善的恩赐”都是从从父那里降下来的。(雅1:17)无论是旧约的以色列,还是新约的基督徒,对神的奉献永远不可能超过神的赏赐,都是将神所赐的一部分再奉献给神,以表达人对神的感恩、敬拜之心,没有任何人比神更慷慨。
新约圣经没有提到“十一奉献”的字眼,但教导的是全人奉献的更高要求,正如登山宝训高于摩西律法一样。
“所以弟兄们,我以神的慈悲劝你们,将身体献上,当作活祭,是圣洁的,是神所喜悦的。你们如此事奉,乃是理所当然的。”(罗12:1)
“Therefore, I urge you, brothers, in view of God's mercy, to offer your bodies as living sacrifices, holy and pleasing to God--this is your spiritual act of worship.”(Rom 12:1)
主耶稣从来没有责备法利赛人的十一奉献,反而肯定十一奉献是应该遵守的。
“你们这假冒为善的文士和法利赛人有祸了。因为你们将薄荷,茴香,芹菜,献上十分之一。那律法上更重的事,就是公义,怜悯,信实,反倒不行了。这更重的是你们当行的;那也是不可不行的。”(太23:23)
“Woe to you, teachers of the law and Pharisees, you hypocrites! You give a tenth of your spices--mint, dill and cummin. But you have neglected the more important matters of the law--justice, mercy and faithfulness. You should have practiced the latter, without neglecting the former.”(Matt 23:23,NIV)
“虚伪的经学家和法利赛人哪,你们有祸了!你们把薄荷、茴香、芹菜,献上十分之一,却忽略律法上更重要的,就如正义、怜悯和信实;这些更重要的是你们应当作的,但其他的也不可忽略。”(太23:23,新译本)
“"Woe to you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! For you pay tithe of mint and anise and cummin, and have neglected the weightier matters of the law: justice and mercy and faith. These you ought to have done, without leaving the others undone.”(Matt 23:23,NKJV)
主耶稣的意思是,律法上的公义、怜悯、信实,是应当做的,十一奉献也不可忽略。
同时,主耶稣对旧约律法的总结(俗称大诫命)是:
“你要尽心,尽性,尽意,爱主你的神。…其次也相仿,就是要爱人如己。”(太22:37-39)
“'Love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your mind.'… And the second is like it: 'Love your neighbor as yourself.'”(Matt 22:37-39)
如果一个人有足够的爱心去爱神爱人,那么用财物尊荣至高的神、关爱有需要的人,就是很自然的事了。
主耶稣说,“工人得工价,是应当的。”(“The worker deserves his wages.”)(路10:7)
保罗的教导,“你们岂不知为圣事劳碌的,就吃殿中的物吗?伺候祭坛的,就分领坛上的物吗?主也是这样命定,叫传福音的靠着福音养生。”(林前9:13-14)
“Don't you know that those who work in the temple get their food from the temple, and those who serve at the altar share in what is offered on the altar? In the same way, the Lord has commanded that those who preach the gospel should receive their living from the gospel.”(1 Cor 9:13-14)
旧约律法时代与新约恩典时代有诸多不同,但就服事神及相关的事工需要而言,新旧约明显呈现平行对应的关系:
旧约有利未人全时间服事神,新约有全时间传道人和宣教士服事神;
旧约有圣殿中的开支和需要,新约有教堂购建维护各样事工的需要;
旧约有寄居的孤儿寡妇穷人,新约任何时代都不乏穷困有需要的人。
“但现在我往耶路撒冷去,供给圣徒。因为马其顿,和亚该亚人乐意凑出捐项,给耶路撒冷圣徒中的穷人。”(罗15:25-26)
“Now, however, I am on my way to Jerusalem in the service of the saints there. For Macedonia and Achaia were pleased to make a contribution for the poor among the saints in Jerusalem.”(Rom 15:25-26,NIV)
虽然新约没有明确要求信徒要十一奉献,但新约圣经记录了许多美好的榜样。
马利亚将一瓶至贵的真哪哒香膏膏抹主耶稣,主耶稣夸赞“她所做的,是尽她所能的。”(可14:8)那奉献两个小钱的穷寡妇,主耶稣称她是“把她一切养生的都投上了。”(路21:4)使徒时代许多信徒卖了自己的田产全部奉献到教会,马其顿教会自己在极穷之间还超过自己的能力供给贫困的圣徒,并且他们是“先把自己献给主。”(林后8:5)当然,以使徒保罗为代表的许多圣徒,是献上他们生命的全部。
为什么他们可以倾其所有地奉献?
“你们知道我们主耶稣基督的恩典。祂本来富足,却为你们成了贫穷,叫你们因祂的贫穷,可以成为富足。”(林后8:9)
“For you know the grace of our Lord Jesus Christ, that though He was rich, yet for your sakes He became poor, that you through His poverty might become rich.”(2 Cor 8:9,NKJV)
十一奉献是最简单容易的奉献,基督徒的奉献还包括时间、精力、恩赐、服事等全人的奉献。所以,十一奉献不是新约信徒必须履行的义务,而是甘心乐意对神的敬拜和感恩。
保罗给出信徒奉献的原则是:
“各人要随本心所酌定的。不要作难,不要勉强,因为捐得乐意的人,是神所喜爱的。”(林后9:7)
“Each man should give what he has decided in his heart to give, not reluctantly or under compulsion, for God loves a cheerful giver.”(2 Cor 9:7)
新约圣经虽然没有像玛拉基书第三章那样,记载神应许给以色列人因十一奉献而赐予他们物质的祝福,但新约记载有更丰富的属灵祝福。
“神能将各样的恩惠,多多地加给你们。使你们凡事常常充足,能多行各样善事。”(林后9:8)
“And God is able to make all grace abound to you, so that in all things at all times, having all that you need, you will abound in every good work.”(2 Cor 9:8)
信徒奉献会使你比别人更加缺乏吗?
我多次重复说,凡事要把神的因素考虑在内!神是丰富的神,祂也是慷慨的神!
“你要以财物,和一切初熟的土产,尊荣耶和华。这样,你的仓房,必充满有余,你的酒榨,有新酒盈溢。”(箴3:9-10)
“Honor the LORD with your wealth, with the firstfruits of all your crops; then your barns will be filled to overflowing, and your vats will brim over with new wine.”(Prov 3:9-10)
“有施散的,却更增添。有吝惜过度的,反致穷乏。”(箴11:24)
“One man gives freely, yet gains even more; another withholds unduly, but comes to poverty.”(Prov 11:24)
“你们要给人,就必有给你们的。并且用十足的升斗,连摇带按,上尖下流的,倒在你们怀里。因为你们用什么量器量给人,也必用什么量器量给你们。”(路6:38)
“Give, and it will be given to you. A good measure, pressed down, shaken together and running over, will be poured into your lap. For with the measure you use, it will be measured to you.”(Luke 6:38)
“那赐种给撒种的,赐粮给人吃的,必多多加给你们种地的种子,又增添你们仁义的果子。叫你们凡事富足,可以多多施舍,就借着我们使感谢归于神。”(林后9:10-11)
“Now He who supplies seed to the sower and bread for food will also supply and increase your store of seed and will enlarge the harvest of your righteousness. You will be made rich in every way so that you can be generous on every occasion, and through us your generosity will result in thanksgiving to God.”(2 Cor 9:10-11)
“又当记念主耶稣的话,说,‘施比受更为有福。’”(徒20:35)
“Remembering the words the Lord Jesus himself said: 'It is more blessed to give than to receive.'”(Acts 20:35)
但要注意,不要抱着神会加添我更多的动机去奉献,因为神知道人的心。动机不纯是一种罪,神不会奖赏罪恶!
教会一位长老在读博士的时候,每月1200美金的奖学金,他买一辆van,经常带着老人们出去旅游和购物。同系的同学们问他,“你和我们一样每个月拿1200美金的助学金,我们恨不得把一分钱掰两半花还很紧张,你却过得像faculty一样滋润,这是为什么呢?”长老回答,“我和你们唯一的区别是,我每月拿出200美金奉献到教会去。”
这答案岂非更让人困惑不解吗?但在神那里是合理的。
有时候我们奉献时犹豫踌躇舍不得,结果发现一会儿罚单,一会儿车事故,一会儿屋顶漏雨,一会儿生病住院,总之东一个账单,西一个账单,手里那点儿钱也花光了。更不用说,美国社会是一个寅吃卯粮的借贷消费文化,人手里的钱常常被浪费了(华人家庭要好一些)。据说美国70%的家庭拿不出一千美金的应急之需。
笔者是一个很节省的人。除了教会、福音机构、宣教士的奉献之外,除了家庭必须开支的房贷、医疗保险、车保险、水电费、上网费、电话费等之外,用在个人身上(比如出去吃饭、娱乐、旅游、购物等)的花费常年都几乎是零。换轮胎的时候对Mechanic 说,换最便宜的轮胎就好。会答说,“这个最便宜,但只能跑40000 mile 你就要重新换。”我说,“可以,就要这个。”结果跑了80000 多mile 了还在跑。师母常常担心,“你非要等到轮胎在高速公路上爆胎再换吗?”
03年岳父胃癌在北京肿瘤医院住院手术,我把信用卡公司的支票存在银行让师母在国内花用。后来有一次我停在一个红灯那里,后面一个年轻人开车撞上我那辆已经破得不像样的旧车,结果我没有要求、对方保险公司主动给我的赔偿正好付上信用卡公司的账单。我生病治疗时,五个医生三家医疗单位都不约而同免了我的账单,我反而收到了各地众多弟兄姐妹大笔的奉献,随后也用在神的事工上。
还是说, 凡事要把神的因素考虑在内!
戴德生的名言:“我若有千磅英金,中国可以全数支取;我若有千条性命,绝对不留下一条不给中国。不,不是为中国,是为基督!”
主的应许是:“神能将各样的恩惠,多多地加给你们。使你们凡事常常充足,能多行各样善事。”(林后9:8)
“And God is able to make all grace abound to you, so that in all things at all times, having all that you need, you will abound in every good work.”(2 Cor 9:8)
感谢主
任运生牧师
写于主后二零二三年六月二日
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