复活节信息(七)---耶稣复活的证据
路24:36-49
基督信仰建基于耶稣基督的死而复活,没有基督的复活,就没有基督教。
“若基督没有复活,我们所传的便是枉然,你们所信的也是枉然。”(林前15:14)
“And if Christ has not been raised, our preaching is useless and so is your faith.”(1 Cor 15:14)
基督复活的重要意义:
耶稣基督的复活应验旧约圣经以及主耶稣自己的预言,因此神的话是真实可信的。
耶稣基督的复活作为初熟果子,确保所有信徒的身体复活,成为信徒的荣耀盼望。
耶稣基督的复活,败坏那掌死权的魔鬼,一劳永逸地彻底摧毁罪恶与死亡的权势。
耶稣基督的死而复活是福音信息的本质内容,成为耶稣基督奇妙救恩的根本元素。
耶稣基督的复活显示圣灵无穷生命之能力,复活的大能使罪人因信得以全然更新。
耶稣基督的复活,是教会建立发展的基础,是教会对世界的基本信息和荣耀见证。
因此,耶稣基督的复活是影响人类历史进程最重要的历史事件。
兹根据路24:36-49这段经文,看耶稣基督复活的主要证据。
一.主耶稣的显现
“正说这话的时候,耶稣亲自站在他们当中,说,‘愿你们平安。’”(路24:36)
“While they were still talking about this, Jesus himself stood among them and said to them, "Peace be with you."”(Luke 24:36)
十一个门徒聚在一起,他们正在谈论所发生的事:耶稣的身体不见了,有人说耶稣复活了,并且向彼得和两个以马忤斯路上的门徒显现。他们在耶路撒冷城的某个房间关起门来正在谈论,耶稣的身体到底发生了什么。突然,耶稣来站在他们中间对他们说,“愿你们平安!”
耶稣复活后曾先后向许多人显现。
1. 向抹大拉的马利亚显现 (可16:9-11; 约20:11-18)
2. 向众多妇女显现 (太28:8-10)
3. 向彼得单独显现 (路24:34)
4. 向以马忤斯路上的两个门徒显现 (路24:13-32)
5. 向多马除外的十个门徒显现 (约20:19-25)
6. 向包括多马的十一个门徒显现 (约20:26-29)
7. 向提比哩亚海边的七个门徒显现 (约21:1-23)
8. 向五百个弟兄同时显现 (林前15:7)
9. 向主耶稣的兄弟雅各显现 (林前15:7)
10. 向耶路撒冷外橄榄上的众门徒显现 (徒1:4-12)
11. 向大马色路上的保罗单独显现 (徒9:3-7)
哥林多前书具有明显护教学色彩,因为耶稣一时向五百多弟兄显现,当保罗写哥林多前书的时候,其中一大半都还在。意思是,如果有人怀疑耶稣的复活,可以向这些人当面对质。
“并且显给矶法看,然后显给十二使徒看。后来一时显给五百多弟兄看,其中一大半到如今还在,却也有已经睡了的。以后显给雅各看,再显给众使徒看,末了也显给我看。”(林前15:5-8)
“And that He appeared to Peter, and then to the Twelve. After that, He appeared to more than five hundred of the brothers at the same time, most of whom are still living, though some have fallen asleep. Then He appeared to James, then to all the apostles, and last of all He appeared to me also.”(1 Cor 15:5-8)
实际上,耶稣复活后向人显现还不止于此,祂复活后四十天之久向门徒讲论。
“祂受害之后,用许多的凭据,将自己活活地显给使徒看,四十天之久向他们显现,讲说神国的事。”(徒1:3)
“After His suffering, He showed Himself to these men and gave many convincing proofs that He was alive. He appeared to them over a period of forty days and spoke about the kingdom of God.”(Acts 1:3)
二.主耶稣的话语
也许有人会问,耶稣的说话也能成为祂复活的证据?
当然,因为死人不会说话。耶稣被钉死十字架,这是人所共知的事实,如今耶稣对门徒和众人说话,那就只有一种可能,祂复活了!
耶稣不仅说话,更重要的是祂说的话与常人不同,甚至与祂自己被钉死十架之前说的话也不同。
“愿你们平安!”(“Peace be with you.”)
耶稣复活后没有向彼拉多、希律王、犹太领袖等仇敌显现报复他们,也没有向钉祂十字架的罗马兵丁或无知的群众显现证明自己是谁,祂乃是向祂那一小群担惊受怕的门徒显现安慰他们。
“那日,(就是七日的第一日)晚上,门徒所在的地方,因怕犹太人,门都关了。耶稣来站在当中,对他们说,‘愿你们平安。’”(约20:19)
“On the evening of that first day of the week, when the disciples were together, with the doors locked for fear of the Jews, Jesus came and stood among them and said, "Peace be with you!"”(John 20:19)
门徒在过去几天时间内快速经历了欢呼、忧愁、震惊、惧怕、悲痛、哭泣、绝望的情绪震荡,这一系列突如其来的变故,在极短的时间内迅速发生,犹如一场惊恐的噩梦堆砌在门徒身上!
没有人比主耶稣更能体会门徒此时的心情,祂清楚地知道门徒最需要的是什么,于是祂来站在他们当中,对他们说,“愿你们平安!”(“Peace be with you.”)
今日的世界,充满着动荡和不安,人们被各样的抑郁、焦虑、苦恼、愤懑所困扰,原因是这个世界和世人离开耶稣基督太远了。
英文有个俗语:Know Jesus, know peace; No Jesus, no peace. (认识耶稣,满有平安;没有耶稣,没有平安!)
耶稣向门徒还讲了什么?祂向以马忤斯路上的门徒讲解圣经,祂告诉门徒有关基督的生平、受死、埋葬、复活等都在旧约摩西的律法、先知的书和诗篇上记载了。祂也开门徒的心窍使他们能明白圣经。
更重要的是,耶稣向门徒颁布了大使命:“所以你们要去,使万民作我的门徒,奉父子圣灵的名,给他们施洗。凡我所吩咐你们的,都教训他们遵守,我就常与你们同在,直到世界的末了。”(太28:19-20)
“Therefore go and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, and teaching them to obey everything I have commanded you. And surely I am with you always, to the very end of the age.”(Matt 28:19-20)
大使命的吩咐,与耶稣之前和门徒说的话明显不同,因为大使命只能在耶稣死而复活之后、荣耀升天之前才能向门徒讲说。因此,大使命的颁布本身,就是耶稣基督复活无可辩驳的明证!
三.主耶稣的身体
“他们却惊慌害怕,以为所看见的是魂。耶稣说,‘你们为什么愁烦?为什么心里起疑念呢?你们看我的手,我的脚,就知道实在是我了。摸我看看,魂无骨无肉,你们看我是有的。说了这话,就把手和脚给他们看。’”(路24:37-40)
“They were startled and frightened, thinking they saw a ghost. He said to them, "Why are you troubled, and why do doubts rise in your minds? Look at My hands and My feet. It is I Myself! Touch Me and see; a ghost does not have flesh and bones, as you see I have." When He had said this, He showed them His hands and feet.”(Luke 24:37-40)
门徒听说耶稣的身体不见了,现在耶稣却突然出现在他们面前,于是门徒都惊慌害怕,以为所看见的是魂。但耶稣却将自己的手和脚给门徒看,还邀请门徒“摸我看看。”(Touch and See)
耶稣为什么将手和脚给门徒看?因为十二门徒中的多马曾这样强烈要求。
“那些门徒就对他说,‘我们已经看见主了。’多马却说,我非看见祂手上的钉痕,用指头探入那钉痕,又用手探入祂的肋旁,我总不信。”(约20:25)
“So the other disciples told him, "We have seen the Lord!" But he said to them, "Unless I see the nail marks in His hands and put my finger where the nails were, and put my hand into His side, I will not believe it."”(John 20:25)
耶稣复活后,祂的手和脚还带着十字架的钉痕,祂的肋旁还带着兵丁所刺的枪伤。于是祂将手和脚指给门徒看,因为魂无骨无肉,祂邀请门徒摸一摸祂的身体,也摸一摸那十字架的钉痕。
耶稣不仅将手和脚指给门徒看,为了进一步打消他们的疑虑,甚至在他们面前吃了一片烧鱼。
“他们正喜得不敢信,并且希奇,耶稣就说,‘你们这里有什么吃的没有?’ 他们便给祂一片烧鱼。祂接过来,在他们面前吃了。”(路24:41-43)
“And while they still did not believe it because of joy and amazement, He asked them, "Do you have anything here to eat?" They gave Him a piece of broiled fish, and He took it and ate it in their presence.”(Luke 24:41-43)
“他们正喜得不敢信,并且希奇。”
“they still did not believe it because of joy and amazement.”
门徒经历了一系列的情绪变化:不信、怀疑、欢喜、惊奇!
当人们强烈渴望得到什么,而自己又知道根本没有可能,最后竟然得着了,大概就是这样的心情。比如你特别想要得到一份心仪的工作,但知道那根本不可能,最后竟然拿到了offer,简直不敢相信是真的:It’s too good to be true!
当然,一个人得到一份工作,与门徒看到耶稣复活,那两种天渊之别的惊喜不可同日而语。
英文老年痴呆杂志(Journal of Alzheimer's Disease)的缩写是JAD,为了表达门徒这种Too good to be true 的惊喜,有人借用这个专有名词,称之为JAD 综合征:Joyfully Amazed Disbelief(欢喜惊异得不敢相信)!
耶稣复活门徒不敢相信是真的,但实际上却是千真万确的事实!
四.主耶稣的讲解
“耶稣对他们说,‘这就是我从前与你们同在之时,所告诉你们的话,说,摩西的律法,先知的书,和诗篇上所记的,凡指着我的话,都必须应验。’”(路24:44)
“He said to them, "This is what I told you while I was still with you: Everything must be fulfilled that is written about Me in the Law of Moses, the Prophets and the Psalms."”(Luke 24:44)
耶稣向以马忤斯路上的两个门徒显现,这两个门徒真是有福啊,有主耶稣亲自给他们详细讲解圣经。
“于是从摩西和众先知起,凡经上所指着自己的话,都给他们讲解明白了。”(路24:27)
“And beginning with Moses and all the Prophets, He explained to them what was said in all the Scriptures concerning Himself.”(Luke 24:44)
旧约圣经论到基督是怎么说的呢?
“照经上所写的,基督必受害,第三日从死里复活。”(路24:47)
“This is what is written: The Christ will suffer and rise from the dead on the third day.”(Luke 24:47)
耶稣向以马忤斯路上两个门徒是以反问的形式,责备他们的心对圣经的话信得太迟钝。
“基督这样受害,又进入祂的荣耀,岂不是应当的吗?”(路24:26)
“Did not the Christ have to suffer these things and then enter His glory?”(Luke 24:26)
旧约圣经有哪些经文论到基督的受害与复活呢?
1) 创3:15
“女人的后裔要伤你的头,你要伤祂的脚跟。”(创3:15)
“He will crush your head, and you will strike His heel.”(Gen 3:15)
这是在亚当夏娃被蛇引诱犯罪之后,神对蛇(魔鬼)的审判。女人的后裔要伤魔鬼的头,魔鬼要伤祂的脚跟。整个人类历史上只有一个人被称作是女人的后裔,就是耶稣!其他都是男人的后裔。伤魔鬼撒但的头是致命的,代表基督的神性以及对魔鬼的审判与毁灭;而魔鬼伤祂的脚跟是非致命的,代表基督的人性以及祂在十字架上的受难与复活。
2) 伯19:25-26
“我知道我的救赎主活着,末了必站立在地上。我这皮肉灭绝之后,我必在肉体之外得见神。”(伯19:25-26)
“I know that my Redeemer lives, and that in the end He will stand upon the earth. And after my skin has been destroyed, yet in my flesh I will see God.”(Job 19:25-26)
这是约伯记中约伯的非凡认信之一,上半句论到基督的复活,下半句论到约伯自己的复活。
3) 诗16:10
“因为你必不将我的灵魂撇在阴间,也不叫你的圣者见朽坏。”(诗16:10)
“Because you will not abandon me to the grave, nor will you let your Holy One see decay.”(Ps 16:10)
“圣者”(Holy One)在旧约的语境中,通常指神自己。新约使徒行传第二章彼得的五旬节讲道中明确指出,大卫作为先知,这里是在讲论基督的复活。
4) 诗22:22
“我要将你的名传与我的弟兄。在会中我要赞美你。” (诗22:22)
“I will declare your name to My brothers; in the congregation I will praise You.”(Ps 22:22)
诗篇22篇是弥赛亚诗篇,前半部分讲论基督的十字架受难:
“我的神,我的神,为什么离弃我?”(My God, my God, why have you forsaken Me?)(诗22:1)
“你将我安置在死地的尘土中。”(you lay me in the dust of death.)(诗22:15)
“他们扎了我的手,我的脚。”(They have pierced My hands and My feet.)(诗22:16)
“他们分我的外衣,为我的里衣拈阄。”(They divide My garments among them and cast lots for My clothing.)(诗22:18)
所有这些都是在描写基督的十字架受难。然而,在诗篇的后半部分话锋突然转变,讲论基督的复活与得胜:“我要将你的名传与我的弟兄。在会中我要赞美你。” (诗22:22)
“I will declare your name to My brothers; in the congregation I will praise You.”(Ps 22:22)
5) 赛25:8
“祂已经吞灭死亡直到永远。”(赛25:8)
“He will swallow up death forever.”(Isa 25:8)
这里宣告弥赛亚的重要使命:摧毁死亡的毒钩!
6) 赛53:10
“耶和华却定意将祂压伤,使祂受痛苦。耶和华以祂为赎罪祭。祂必看见后裔,并且延长年日,耶和华所喜悦的事,必在祂手中亨通。”(赛53:10)
“Yet it was the LORD'S will to crush Him and cause Him to suffer, and though the LORD makes His life a guilt offering, He will see His offspring and prolong His days, and the will of the LORD will prosper in His hand.”(Isa 53:10)
赛53:10上半句讲到基督的受死,因为“耶和华以祂为赎罪祭,”下半句讲到祂的复活,因为“祂必看见后裔并且延长年日。”
7) 何13:14
“死亡啊,你的灾害在哪里呢?阴间哪,你的毁灭在哪里呢?”(何13:14)
“Where, O death, are your plagues? Where, O grave, is your destruction?”(Hos 13:14)
这是旧约圣经宣告死亡之毁灭的有力宣告,使徒保罗在哥林多前书十五章借用同样的句式宣告基督的复活战胜死亡的权势。
“死啊,你得胜的权势在哪里?死啊,你的毒钩在哪里?”(林前15:55)
“Where, O death, is your victory? Where, O death, is your sting?”(1 Cor 15:55)
在福音书中,主耶稣曾引用旧约约拿书的记述,来讲论自己的死而复活。
“约拿三日三夜在大鱼肚腹中,人子也要这样三日三夜在地里头。”(太12:40)
“For as Jonah was three days and three nights in the belly of a huge fish, so the Son of Man will be three days and three nights in the heart of the earth.”(Matt 12:40)
耶稣也曾以自己的身体为殿对犹太人讲论祂的死而复活。
“你们拆毁这殿,我三日内要再建立起来。”(约2:19)
“Destroy this temple, and I will raise it again in three days.”(John 2:19)
当然更多的是,主耶稣对门徒直白地预言祂的死而复活。
“人子必须受许多的苦,被长老祭司长和文士弃绝,并且被杀,第三日复活。”(路9:22)
“The Son of Man must suffer many things and be rejected by the elders, chief priests and teachers of the law, and He must be killed and on the third day be raised to life.”(Luke 9:22)
顺便一提,主耶稣开门徒的心窍,使他们能明白圣经。今天许多人也是读不懂圣经,不信的人读不懂自不用说,信徒有时候也读不懂圣经。我们习惯于询问传道人,阅读解经书,查阅工具书,但不要忘记,圣灵是圣经的作者,我们首先应当祈求主,让圣灵开启我们的心窍,能以明白祂所默示的圣经。
五.主耶稣的命令
“并且人要奉祂的名传悔改赦罪的道,从耶路撒冷起直传到万邦。”(路24:47)
“And repentance and forgiveness of sins will be preached in His name to all nations, beginning at Jerusalem.”(Luke 24:47)
主耶稣升天之前向门徒吩咐大使命,大使命是主的核心旨意,它是如此的重要,以至于四本福音书和使徒行传中连续重复了五次,分别是:马太福音28章18-20节;马可福音16章15-16节;路加福音24章46-48节;约翰福音20章21节;使徒行传1章8节。
大使命的颁布只有在耶稣基督复活之后才有可能,因为传讲一位被钉十字架死了却没有复活的基督毫无意义。
大使命的内容是“奉祂(耶稣基督)的名传悔改赦罪的道”!
“悔改赦罪的道”正是耶稣基督恩惠的福音,这福音的核心内容是:
“基督照圣经所说,为我们的罪死了,而且埋葬了。又照圣经所说,第三天复活了。”(林前15:3-4)
“Christ died for our sins according to the Scriptures, that He was buried, that He was raised on the third day according to the Scriptures.”(1 Cor 15:3-4)
“悔改赦罪的道”也是耶稣基督奇妙的救恩,这救恩的本质根植于耶稣基督的复活。
“耶稣被交给人,是为我们的过犯;复活,是为叫我们称义。”(罗4:25)
“He was delivered over to death for our sins and was raised to life for our justification.”(Rom 4:25)
传讲“悔改赦罪的道”不仅仅是新约的专利,旧约圣经的一贯原则也是如此。
“现在祂说,‘你作我的仆人,使雅各众支派复兴,使以色列中得保全的归回,尚为小事,我还要使你作外邦人的光,叫你施行我的救恩,直到地极。’”(赛49:6)
“He says: "It is too small a thing for you to be My servant to restore the tribes of Jacob and bring back those of Israel I have kept. I will also make You a light for the Gentiles, that You may bring My salvation to the ends of the earth."”(Isa 49:6)
耶稣要门徒宣讲的是“悔改赦罪的道,”今天的大多数教会很少再讲“悔改赦罪,”教会不能讲认罪、悔改、审判、地狱等内容,因为人不爱听,也不符合世俗文化和政治正确的潮流。相反,你可以讲饶恕、包容、自由、博爱、恩典、天堂等,但其代价是牺牲圣经的真理。
但这不是耶稣基督要祂的教会所宣讲的福音!
“从耶路撒冷起直传到万邦,”这正是大使命的战略原则,也是教会传扬福音的路线图!
六.主耶稣的应许
“你们就是这些事的见证。我要将我父所应许的降在你们身上。你们要在城里等候,直到你们领受从上头来的能力。”(路24:48-49)
“You are witnesses of these things. I am going to send you what My Father has promised; but stay in the city until you have been clothed with power from on high.”(Luke 24:48-49)
“你们就是这些事的见证。”
所谓见证就是将所看见的、所听见的、所知道的如实述说出来。
当十一个使徒要挑选一人填补叛徒犹大的空缺时,他们条件就是:“立一位与我们同作耶稣复活的见证。”(徒1:22)
“For one of these must become a witness with us of His resurrection.”(Acts 1:22)
“这耶稣,神已经叫祂复活了,我们都为这事作见证。”(徒2:32)
“God has raised this Jesus to life, and we are all witnesses of the fact.”(Acts 2:32)
当主耶稣在大马色路上向保罗显现的时候,对他的呼召也是为主作见证。
“你起来站着,我特意向你显现,要派你作执事作见证,将你所看见的事,和我将要指示你的事,证明出来。”(徒26:16)
“Now get up and stand on your feet. I have appeared to you to appoint you as a servant and as a witness of what you have seen of Me and what I will show you.”(Acts 26:16)
当然最著名的还是主耶稣对门徒的大使命:“并要在耶路撒冷,犹太全地,和撒玛利亚,直到地极,作我的见证。”(徒1:8)
“And you will be My witnesses in Jerusalem, and in all Judea and Samaria, and to the ends of the earth.”(Acts 1:8)
问题是,当耶稣在客西马尼园被捕、受审、被钉十字架时,彼得赌咒起誓地三次不认主,其他门徒都吓得一个个四散逃命。当复活的耶稣向他们显现的时候,此时此刻他们正躲在一个房间里,因为害怕犹太人门关得严严的。
如此这般一小撮无学问的小民,一群胆小如鼠的乌合之众,能够堪当重任吗?---No Way!
实际上,耶稣也从来没有指望门徒依靠自己的力量能够执行祂的大使命,祂乃是照着父神的应许,赐下圣灵保惠师来帮助他们。
“我要求父,父就另外赐给你们一位保惠师,叫祂永远与你们同在。”(约14:16)
“And I will ask the Father, and He will give you another Counselor to be with you forever.”(John 14:16)
“然而我将真情告诉你们,我去是与你们有益的。我若不去,保惠师就不到你们这里来。我若去,就差祂来。”(约16:7)
“But I tell you the truth: It is for your good that I am going away. Unless I go away, the Counselor will not come to you; but if I go, I will send Him to you.”(John 16:7)
当主耶稣吩咐大使命时,祂首先应许赐下圣灵:“但圣灵降临在你们身上,你们就必得着能力。”(徒1:8)
“But you will receive power when the Holy Spirit comes on you.”(Acts 1:8)
“我要将我父所应许的降在你们身上。你们要在城里等候,直到你们领受从上头来的能力。”(路24:49)
“I am going to send you what My Father has promised; but stay in the city until you have been clothed with power from on high.”(Luke 24:49)
耶稣复活升天之后的五旬节,教会诞生、圣灵降临!从此,那一群乌合之众、胆小如鼠的门徒,开始放胆无惧四处传扬耶稣基督恩惠的福音。根据教会传统,耶稣的十二门徒除了使徒约翰之外,其余的都为主献身殉道。
今天,当你走遍世界的每一个角落,都可以读到圣经的话语,都可以找到基督的教会,都可以遇到耶稣的门徒,这是耶稣基督死而复活事实胜于雄辩的证据!耶稣门徒生命一反常态的翻转与更新,是耶稣基督复活最为强而有力、令人信服、无可辩驳的明证。
主从坟墓里复活,胜过一切仇敌与罪恶!
主耶稣复活,战胜黑暗死亡,从此永远与圣徒一同作王!
主复活!主复活!哈利路亚!主复活!
感谢主
任运生牧师
主后二零二三年四月复活节
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