《旧约概论》律法书(十三)---利未记(2)
八.《利未记》的主要内容:
(一) 罪人如何到圣洁的神的面前?
A.靠祭物---五祭(1-7章)
1.燔祭: 将无瑕疵的祭物全然烧在坛上, 预表基督无瑕疵无玷污地完全献上自己, 教导信徒也应将自己全然献上当作活祭(罗12:1);
2.素祭: 将无酵饼或初熟之物献上,预表基督完美品格及工作为神所悦纳,教导信徒也当圣洁,并在行事为人中荣耀神,为主活 (林后5:14-15);
3.平安祭:献公母牛羊, 预表基督的宝血在十字架上成就了和平,使神人和好,教导信徒的与神相交和感恩(林后5:17-18)’
4.赎罪祭:献上牛犊或羔羊, 预表基督是神的羔羊,为罪人赎罪(约1:29); 教导信徒的认罪悔改,得蒙救赎(彼前1:18-19;林后5:21);
5.赎愆祭: 献牛犊或羔羊,或班鸠雏鸽, 预表基督在神面前补足我们一切的亏欠,信徒悔改罪行,得蒙赦免,甘心赔偿,与神与人和好(约一1:7-9).
五祭的顺序:
神: 燔祭, 素祭, 平安祭, 赎罪祭, 赎愆祭----神差主耶稣献上自己,为人完全,成就和平,代人赎罪,除人罪愆;
人: 赎愆祭, 赎罪祭, 平安祭, 素祭, 燔祭----悔改罪行,赎尽罪性,与神和好,成圣归主,当作活祭.
B.靠祭司(8-10章)
祭司---神与人间的中保。
祭司的事奉条例。
新约主耶稣是大祭司 (来3-5; 7-10);
信徒也为祭司(彼前2:9; 启20:6)
“我们既然有一位已经升入高天尊荣的大祭司,就是神的儿子耶稣,便当持定所承认的道。”(来4:14)
“惟有你们是被拣选的族类,是有君尊的祭司,是圣洁的国度,是属神的子民,要叫你们宣扬那召你们出黑暗入奇妙光明者的美德。”(彼前2:9)
(二) 赎罪日(16章)
七月初十日:大祭司要一年仅一次进入至圣所,为统国的百姓赎罪, 他要先用公牛犊为自己和本家赎罪。然后预备两只公山羊, 一只归耶和华赎罪祭牲, 另一只携带以色列人的罪孽,被送到旷野去, 象征以色列的罪不再被神纪念。
新约因主耶稣的宝血, 我们随时可以来到至圣所(来10:19-23; 9:12-14; 4:16)。
(三) 七大节期(23章)
1. 逾越节: 1月14日, 纪念出埃及时神的救赎; 预表耶稣基督是逾越节的羊羔 (林前5:7,约1:29);
2. 无酵节: 1月15-21日, 纪念出埃及时脱离旧生活, 预表耶稣基督的圣洁无瑕及信徒蒙救赎后的圣洁生活(林前5:6-8);
3. 初熟节: 1月16日,纪念神赐丰收之恩, 预表耶稣基督的死而复活(林前15:30);
4. 五旬节,3月6日,即初熟节后第50天, 纪念神赐丰收之恩, 预表圣灵降临(徒2:1-4);
5. 吹角节: 7月1日, 召聚百姓为赎罪日预备, 预表教会被提及招聚以色列余民(赛18:3, 7, 珥2:15-32, 启8:2-9:14);
6. 赎罪日: 7月十日,纪念百姓一年一次的被赎罪,预表基督的代罪救赎及以色列在大灾难期间的认罪归主, 全家得救(亚12:10-11, 罗11:26);
7.住棚节:7月15-22日,纪念旷野中神在云柱火柱中引领和同在, 预表千年国度及永世中神的同在及安息(亚14:16; 约1:14; 启21:3)
(四) 会幕的构造, 预表及意义
1.约柜: 基督的道成肉身,教导信徒常与主同在;
2.香坛:. 基督为信徒代求, 信徒与主相交和代祷;
3.陈设饼: 基督为生命之粮, 信徒以主的话为食物;
4.灯台: 基督为世界之光, 信徒当为主发光;
5.洗漱盆: 基督洁净教会,信徒当作合乎主用的圣洁器皿;
6.祭坛: 基督为赎罪祭, 信徒当作活祭。
7 幔子: 基督通往至圣所的道路;
8 施恩座: 基督为罪作了挽回祭。
九.利未记的重要经句:
1.“我在亲近我的人中要显为圣,在众民面前,我要得荣耀。”(利10:3)
"Among those who approach Me I will show Myself holy; in the sight of all the people I will be honored."
2. “使你们可以将圣的,俗的,洁净的,不洁净的,分别出来。”(利10:10)
You must distinguish between the holy and the common, between the unclean and the clean.
3.“ 我是耶和华你们的神,所以你们要成为圣洁,因为我是圣洁的。”(利11:44)
I am the LORD your God; consecrate yourselves and be holy, because I am holy.
4.“ 因为活物的生命是在血中。我把这血赐给你们,可以在坛上为你们的生命赎罪,因血里有生命,所以能赎罪。因此,我对以色列人说,你们都不可吃血,寄居在你们中间的外人也不可吃血。”(利 17:11-12)
For the life of a creature is in the blood, and I have given it to you to make atonement for yourselves on the altar; it is the blood that makes atonement for one's life. Therefore I say to the Israelites, "None of you may eat blood, nor may an alien living among you eat blood."
5.“ 在这一切的事上,你们都不可玷污自己,因为我在你们面前所逐出的列邦,在这一切的事上玷污了自己。连地也玷污了,所以我追讨那地的罪孽,那地也吐出它的居民。故此,你们要守我的律例典章。这一切可憎恶的事,无论是本地人,是寄居在你们中间的外人,都不可行,…免得你们玷污那地的时候,地就把你们吐出,像吐出在你们以先的国民一样。”(利18:24-28)
"'Do not defile yourselves in any of these ways, because this is how the nations that I am going to drive out before you became defiled. Even the land was defiled; so I punished it for its sin, and the land vomited out its inhabitants. But you must keep my decrees and my laws. The native-born and the aliens living among you must not do any of these detestable things,…And if you defile the land, it will vomit you out as it vomited out the nations that were before you.
6.“ 在你们的地收割庄稼,不可割尽田角,也不可拾取所遗落的。不可摘尽葡萄园的果子,也不可拾取葡萄园所掉的果子,要留给穷人和寄居的。我是耶和华你们的神。”(利 19:9-10)
"'When you reap the harvest of your land, do not reap to the very edges of your field or gather the gleanings of your harvest. Do not go over your vineyard a second time or pick up the grapes that have fallen. Leave them for the poor and the alien. I am the LORD your God.
7.“ 不可报仇,也不可埋怨你本国的子民,却要爱人如己。我是耶和华。”(利 19:18)
"'Do not seek revenge or bear a grudge against one of your people, but love your neighbor as yourself. I am the LORD.”
8.“ 在白发的人面前,你要站起来,也要尊敬老人,又要敬畏你的神。我是耶和华。若有外人在你们国中和你同居,就不可欺负他。和你们同居的外人,你们要看他如本地人一样,并要爱他如己,因为你们在埃及地也作过寄居的。我是耶和华你们的神。你们施行审判,不可行不义,在尺,秤,升,斗上也是如此。要用公道天平,公道法码,公道升斗,公道秤。我是耶和华你们的神,曾把你们从埃及地领出来的。”(利 19:32-36)
"'Rise in the presence of the aged, show respect for the elderly and revere your God. I am the LORD. "'When an alien lives with you in your land, do not mistreat him. The alien living with you must be treated as one of your native-born. Love him as yourself, for you were aliens in Egypt. I am the LORD your God. "'Do not use dishonest standards when measuring length, weight or quantity. Use honest scales and honest weights, an honest ephah and an honest hin. I am the LORD your God, who brought you out of Egypt.
9.“ 人若与男人苟合,像与女人一样,他们二人行了可憎的事,总要把他们治死,罪要归到他们身上。”(利 20:13)
"If a man lies with a man as one lies with a woman, both of them have done what is detestable. They must be put to death; their blood will be on their own heads.”
10.“ 你们要归我为圣,因为我耶和华是圣的,并叫你们与万民有分别,使你们作我的民。”(利 20:26)
You are to be holy to me because I, the LORD, am holy, and I have set you apart from the nations to be my own.”
11.“ 六日要作工,第七日是圣安息日,当有圣会,你们什么工都不可作。这是在你们一切的住处向耶和华守的安息日。”(利 23:3)
"There are six days when you may work, but the seventh day is a Sabbath of rest, a day of sacred assembly. You are not to do any work; wherever you live, it is a Sabbath to the LORD.”
12.“ 你要计算七个安息年,就是七七年。这便为你成了七个安息年,共是四十九年。当年七月初十日,你要大发角声,这日就是赎罪日,要在遍地发出角声。第五十年,你们要当作圣年,在遍地给一切的居民宣告自由。这年必为你们的禧年,各人要归自己的产业,各归本家。”(利 25:8-10)
"'Count off seven sabbaths of years--seven times seven years--so that the seven sabbaths of years amount to a period of forty-nine years. Then have the trumpet sounded everywhere on the tenth day of the seventh month; on the Day of Atonement sound the trumpet throughout your land. Consecrate the fiftieth year and proclaim liberty throughout the land to all its inhabitants. It shall be a jubilee for you; each one of you is to return to his family property and each to his own clan.
13.“ 我的律例,你们要遵行,我的典章,你们要谨守,就可以在那地上安然居住。地必出土产,你们就要吃饱,在那地上安然居住。你们若说,这第七年我们不耕种,也不收藏土产,吃什么呢?我必在第六年将我所命的福赐给你们,地便生三年的土产。第八年,你们要耕种,也要吃陈粮,等到第九年出产收来的时候,你们还吃陈粮。”(利 25:18-22)
"Follow my decrees and be careful to obey my laws, and you will live safely in the land. Then the land will yield its fruit, and you will eat your fill and live there in safety. You may ask, "What will we eat in the seventh year if we do not plant or harvest our crops?" I will send you such a blessing in the sixth year that the land will yield enough for three years. While you plant during the eighth year, you will eat from the old crop and will continue to eat from it until the harvest of the ninth year comes in.
14.“ 你的弟兄在你那里若渐渐贫穷,手中缺乏,你就要帮补他,使他与你同住,像外人和寄居的一样。不可向他取利,也不可向他多要,只要敬畏你的神,使你的弟兄与你同住。你借钱给他,不可向他取利,借粮给他,也不可向他多要。”(利 25:35-37)
"'If one of your countrymen becomes poor and is unable to support himself among you, help him as you would an alien or a temporary resident, so he can continue to live among you. Do not take interest of any kind from him, but fear your God, so that your countryman may continue to live among you. You must not lend him money at interest or sell him food at a profit.
15.“ 你们若遵行我的律例,谨守我的诫命,我就给你们降下时雨,叫地生出土产,田野的树木结果子。你们打粮食要打到摘葡萄的时候,摘葡萄要摘到撒种的时候,并且要吃得饱足,在你们的地上安然居住。”(利26:3-5)
"If you follow my decrees and are careful to obey my commands, I will send you rain in its season, and the ground will yield its crops and the trees of the field their fruit. Your threshing will continue until grape harvest and the grape harvest will continue until planting, and you will eat all the food you want and live in safety in your land.
16.“ 你们若不听从我,不遵行我的诫命,厌弃我的律例,厌恶我的典章,不遵行我一切的诫命,背弃我的约,…我必断绝你们因势力而有的骄傲,又要使覆你们的天如铁,载你们的地如铜。你们要白白地劳力,因为你们的地不出土产,其上的树木也不结果子。你们行事若与我反对,不肯听从我,我就要按你们的罪加七倍降灾与你们。”(利 26:14-21)
"'But if you will not listen to me and carry out all these commands, and if you reject my decrees and abhor my laws and fail to carry out all my commands and so violate my covenant,… I will break down your stubborn pride and make the sky above you like iron and the ground beneath you like bronze. Your strength will be spent in vain, because your soil will not yield its crops, nor will the trees of the land yield their fruit. "'If you remain hostile toward me and refuse to listen to me, I will multiply your afflictions seven times over, as your sins deserve.
17.“ 地上所有的,无论是地上的种子是树上的果子,十分之一是耶和华的,是归给耶和华为圣的。”(利 27:30)
"A tithe of everything from the land, whether grain from the soil or fruit from the trees, belongs to the LORD; it is holy to the LORD.”
问题讨论:
1. 《利未记》为什么容易被忽略?读《利未记》的困难是什么?
2. 《利未记》所记载的律法与今日的信徒有什么关系?
3. 以色列献祭体系有何意义? (创3:21;4:4;出12:5-7;利16:6-10;20-22;赛53:7;约1:29;来9:22)
4. 拿答、亚比户因何而死?给我们什么警示?
5. 神为什么给以色列颁布严谨的饮食卫生条例(11-14章)?(第八天施行割礼,止痛、凝血、健康;用流水洗手消毒; 不吃死了的动物避免病菌感染, 关于麻风病等传染病的隔离制度, 血中有生命, 现代输血的医学原理,牛羊的脂油要烧掉,不能吃,因为脂肪对身体不利,容易造成血管堵塞等。 律法要求我们顺服神的话。)
6. 基督徒是否可吃血?为什么?(对生命的敬畏,血中有生命)
7. 试总结《利未记》中七的用法: 逾越节,五旬节,吹角日,赎罪日,住棚节,安息日,安息年,禧年等。(犹太人学习记忆神的恩典的机会)
8.神为什么要求祂的子民遵守祂的诫命、律例、典章?(利18:24-28)
9.试举例说明神的律法是公平慈爱的。
10.顺服神蒙福,悖逆神受祸,为什么?你的生活中有没有实际的经历?你看到的现实中有没有这样的例子?给我们什么启发?
11.基督徒在十一奉献上应该如何行?
12. 利未记有关以色列的论述是否在以色列的历史中应验?
13.利未记书卷如何指向耶稣基督?具体在哪些方面预表耶稣基督?利未记与新约那卷书有密切关联?有哪些关联?
感谢主
任运生牧师
主后二零二三年十一月十五日
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